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The countries of the Hindu Kush Himalayan region experienced a spurt of decent growth over the last few years. Last year, the Asian Development Bank predicted that continued annual growth of 7% on average would double the size of these South Asian economies over the next decade.
Then the Covid-19 pandemic hit. Among the HKH countries, Afghanistan (-5.5%), India (-3.2%) and Pakistan (-2.6%) are expected to have negative GDP growth in 2020, while others are projected to have very small positive GDP growth, ranging from 1.0% in China to 1.8% in Nepal.
The pandemic has not only slowed economic growth, it has caused unprecedented social disruption – especially for the poor and marginalised – and is likely to deepen inequality. A report released by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), a regional intergovernmental organisation based in Kathmandu, urged governments in the region to keep environmental sustainability as a central tenet in all recovery pathways and as a long-term response to the virus.
“We will get a vaccine for Covid-19 sooner or later, but climate change doesn’t have that luxury. So, [the] response trajectory of the pandemic should have emphasis on ecosystem health along with individual health, which would help to foster [a] better future of the region as a whole,” said Eklabya Sharma, Deputy Director General at ICIMOD.
The HKH region has been heating up faster than most of the rest of the world because of elevation-dependent warming. Over the past six decades, the mean temperature in the HKH has increased at a rate of 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade. A 1.5C increase in global temperature would result in a 2.1C degree increase in temperature by the end of the century.
Lowered human activity due to lockdowns has led to some relief for ecosystems, but even these come with a catch.
“Above average snow accumulation of ~20% has been observed in the ten major river basins compared to the 2003-2019 average. The snowmelt slowdown due to reduced anthropogenic activities during the lockdown could lead to excessive melting in summer, which may exacerbate flood-like disasters,” reads ICIMOD’s report.
It has been projected that global carbon dioxide emissions will decline by 8% in 2020 due to lockdowns, but past experience shows that there are rapid upsurges in the years following an economic crisis (CO2 emissions grew by 5.9% after the 2008-2009 financial crisis).
“Such emission peaks are of concern, especially when larger economies like China have increased their oil imports by 5% due to the fall in global prices,” added Sharma.
The region is likely to have low inflation in 2020 due to lower global oil prices. Oil imports account for large external expenses for the countries of the region. According to the ICIMOD report, aside from Pakistan (11.1%), all other HKH countries are expected to have a low level of inflation (3.0% in China to 6.7% in Nepal) in 2020, comparable to 2019 inflation rates.
“In the short-term, reduced oil prices would bring down the production costs, but if that becomes an incentive for the industries, more and more dirty fuel would be consumed putting climate action into risk which is of serious concern for the mountains. So, investments in renewable energy should be a priority to keep climate actions on track,” Sharma said.
In addition, the poverty consequences of the pandemic will also necessarily make clean fuel such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity less affordable for households.
“To meet energy needs, poor people may use more biomass fuels, subsequently increasing their exposure to indoor air pollution,” the report added.
It is predicted that over half of the additional poor due to the pandemic will be in South Asia, many in the mountainous regions, which are generally poorer than elsewhere. A recent study by UNU-WIDER estimated contraction rates at 5%, 10% and 20%, with poverty being measured at US$1.9 per day, US$3.2 per day, and US$5.5 per day. South Asia would account for 48.1% to 52.5% of the new poor in this scenario.
The numbers are not small. A 5% contraction would lead to 80-140 million new poor across the world (depending on the dollar amount where the poverty line is set). A 10% contraction would mean 180-280 million new poor, and a 20% contraction would mean 420-580 million new poor.
While the study has important limitations, even as educated guesses such numbers are scary, reversing a decade of growth.
Progressive recommendations, regressive actions
The HKH supports 240 million people, and its wider ecosystem services – primarily rivers from the region – support nearly two billion people. The pandemic’s economic impacts are yet to be fully revealed in the region, but according to the World Bank’s forecasts, HKH countries will experience the worst economic performance of the last 40 years with considerable decline in GDP.
“The governments should take this crisis as an opportunity to rebuild toward a green economy, to strengthen agribusiness for input and marketing support, and to build entrepreneurship around farming, forestry, energy and tourism,” added Sharma.
Unfortunately, while the governments are responding to the crisis in several different ways, environmental sustainability has been of less concern.
“The pandemic has shown how badly prepared the region is, not only in terms of public health but also in economic management. The region faces a multitude of crises, so we need to consider an integrated resilience building approach; you cannot just work for flood and forget earthquake or pandemic. This sort of integrated thinking is lacking in policy responses,” said Hemanta Ojha, Adjunct Associate Professor at University of Canberra in Australia, a noted policy expert on socio-environmental issues in the region.
Several governments have rushed to bring their economies back on track by loosening up environmental procedures for infrastructure development and opening up new schemes for dirty energy. Recently, India’s coal ministry launched its first auction for private companies to mine and sell coal, which would allow for the potential development of 41 new coal mines. The coal ministry estimates the new mines will employ about 70,000 people and earn extra annual revenue for various provinces to the tune of INR 200 billion (US$2.6 billion). But critics see it as a regressive move.
Experts say Pakistan’s economic stimulus package of PKR 1.2 trillion has also let the green recovery fall behind.
“It offers an important and immediate reprieve in these times but will have very limited utility in putting the economy on track for inclusive and sustainable development. They will hardly help us ‘build back fast,’ let alone ‘build back better.’ Pakistan’s stimulus packages need to suit a sluggish economy that is constantly under siege from climate change-induced disasters,” wrote Ali Tauqeer Sheikh, an Islamabad-based expert on climate change and development.
But Sharma sees silver linings and reiterates cooperation and collaboration as a key to post pandemic recovery for the mountains.
“The governments must take this as a transition to organic farming in the Himalayas, develop and implement large mountain specific economic and resilient development programmes to build self-reliant economies and promote local food systems. They need to emphasise community-based tourism activities, reduce gender inequality, bring in programmes for revival of mountain-native livestock and neglected and under-utilised crops by providing support price for farmers,” he added. “These aren’t impossible things to do but it’s not going to happen in a day or a year. It should be a long-term post Covid-19 trajectory and I don’t think there is an option.”
Many experts see these items as a wish list that looks good but would be nearly impossible to implement given the region's socio-political and geological complexity.
“Articulating new concepts is OK, but the complex politics that underpin any policy shift is intractable in South Asia. It’s unlikely that Covid-19 will push the countries towards green recovery pathways, but if they do that would be great,” added Ojha.
Banner image: The economic fallout from the Covid-19 pandemic are yet to be fully revealed in the region, but according to the World Bank’s forecasts, countries in the Hindu Kush Himalayas will experience the worst economic performance of the last 40 years with a considerable decline in economic growth.
