The first part of this series dealt with how the wanton extraction of sand in the Kanalsi village of Haryana’s Yamunanagar district in India had left no-one untouched. But what about the question of law enforcement? How can such an act go on unnoticed?
This reporter, during the course of her investigation, spotted mounds of gravel and sand extracted from the Yamuna River in Kanalsi. There was so much dust that a film of it covered her mobile handset screen in a few seconds.
Permission has been granted to mine 6,500 tons of sand daily and 1.95 million tons annually at Kanalsi.
Megh Singh, a member of the Yamuna Swachhta Samiti (Yamuna Cleanliness Association) told this reporter: “Mining openly takes place in Kanalsi not just during the day but also at night. Sand is extracted from the banks as well as from within the channel."
"Mining has been permitted till a depth of three meters. However, holes of depth 18 meters (50 to 60 feet) are dug. They mined wherever they liked in the first 2 to 3 years. Many agricultural fields were spoiled in the process. The administration knew what was happening. Sometimes, they conducted surveys too. But we have not seen any legal action being taken so far.”
He showed the earth movers and trucks on the site and said these used to take huge amounts of sand daily and there was nobody to monitor them.
“When we opposed the mining, the administration, instead of supporting us, blamed us for impeding government work,” Singh and other villagers alleged.
When this reporter was talking to Singh and the others, two dumper drivers working on behalf of the mining companies listened to the conversation. One of them later admitted that mining did happen at night, on the banks and in the river channel.
The monitoring of illegal sand mining being carried out in various Indian rivers is a contentious issue. The mines ministry, pollution control boards, irrigation department as well as police are responsible for monitoring of all types of mining.
There is a district task force in all 780 districts of the country. But there is no central agency for it.
Sand, a 'minor mineral'
Sand is the second-most harvested natural resource after water. Demand for sand in India was estimated to be 700 million tons in 2017, according to the Sand Mining Framework 2018. This was projected to increase annually at a rate of 6% to 7%.
Despite this, sand is categorized as a "minor mineral" in India. Parul Gupta, an environmental lawyer in Delhi, said: “It is open season for sand mining in all Indian rivers. This threatens riverine ecosystems. Sand mining is impacting the environment at an alarming pace. This warrants that sand be categorized as a major mineral now.”
In comparison to sand, rules regarding the mining of coal, categorized as a major mineral, are strict. "Major" and "minor" minerals have been defined in the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957.
“It is a long time since 1957. The population and construction schemes have increased. So has the use of sand. It is being guzzled at a fast pace in the construction of skyscrapers, malls and roads in India’s booming cities,” Gupta said.
The Supreme Court, in Deepak Kumar vs State of Haryana and Others in 2012, had remarked that the categorization of sand as a minor mineral should be looked into.
Sand mining is prohibited from July to September. Flooding in rivers brings sand and minerals, which are calculated through surveys before and after the monsoons. This gives an idea as to how much sand and other minor minerals are to be extracted from rivers.
Bhim Singh Rawat, associate coordinator, South Asia Network of Dams, Rivers and People, said: "There has been below average monsoon rain in the Yamuna river basin in the past four years (2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021). Less rain means less amount of minerals. This year too, there was 10% less than average rain in the Upper Yamuna and 30% less than average rain in the Middle Yamuna from June 1 to August 26."
According to the 2020 Sand Mining Regulations, the permission to extract sand given to any mining contractor would be audited mandatorily every two years on the basis of the replenishment rate of sand and gravel after every monsoon. Further mining can be done only after this.
S Narayanan, director, Department of Environment and Climate Change, Government of Haryana and member secretary, Haryana Pollution Control Board, said:
"We have never had to reject permission to mine on the basis of replenishment rate. But we will be doing so from now on."
He added: “Yes, illegal mining is taking place on a huge scale in the Yamuna. We have received several complaints regarding this. We have made a district-level task force for monitoring such mining. We have also made a mobile application to report illegal mining. Stopping such mining is very difficult. It requires round-the-clock monitoring.”
Narayanan said the state government had not conducted any research to find out the effect of the extraction of sand on the Yamuna and its biodiversity.
Syed Ainul Hussain, scientist with the Wildlife Institute of India, who is part of the National Mission for Clean Ganga, told this reporter:
“If sand mining affects the balance of rivers, a rotation policy can be adopted. Just leave the mined portion of the river untouched for five years for it to be replenished.”
He added that it was only local communities who could save rivers from illegal mining. “They will have to be made aware. They will also have to be mandatorily included in committees made to monitor mining,” Hussain said.
He noted that the National Mission for Clean Ganga had been able to ensure that there was next to negligible mining in the Ganga. But the Yamuna had been left unprotected.
Rivers on the brink
Paritosh Tyagi, former head of the Central Pollution Control Board, posed a query: “We have an excellent institution like the Forest Research Institute in order to study forests. But we do not have a single research institute for rivers. That shows our priorities.”
There should be research and scientific estimation on where and how much minerals would be available in a river, he added.
“The task of studying mineral replenishment should be done by scientists and not engineers of the irrigation department. But that is what is being done,” Tyagi claimed.
Tyagi said state-level officials were usually tasked with permitting mining. The police was tasked with monitoring.
“We have to consider mining not as either a law-and-order or an administrative issue, but rather as one of environmental management,” Tyagi said.
The apex court had also noted in its 2012 verdict that the mining of a small piece might appear insignificant but the environmental impact of mining over an entire area would be substantial.
This story was produced with support from Internews’ Earth Journalism Network. It was first published on September 9, 2022 in Down To Earth and has been edited for length and clarity.
Banner image: Screening plants in Kanalsi village / Credit: Varsha Singh.
Varsha Singh
